1. Select at least 3 of the following taxonomic categories:
● Birds
● Mammals
● Aquatic animals and molluscs (cnidaria, porifera, fish, molluscs)
● Invertebrates
● Herpetofauna (reptiles and amphibians)
● Fungi
2. Identify at least 3 native species (or more if advanced) from each category,
using endangered* species as appropriate, referred to as indicator species.
Species affected by urban-related threats such as Residential and Commercial
development, Transportation and Service corridors; Pollution should be prioritized
(see IUCN Red List Threat Classification Scheme). On the contrary, introduced
species threatened in their original distribution range shall not be considered.

Basic:
Determine presence/absence of
at least 3 indicator species in at
least 5 representative locations
each, distributed throughout the
city (total minimum of 45 data
points).
Count 1 point for the presence of
each species in each location,
then divide by the maximum
possible points for the time
period of interest (at least one
year) resulting in a %.
Advanced:
Map observed distribution of at least 5 indicator
species throughout the city.
Calculate the total distribution area of each
species (by adding up all distribution areas),
then divide by the number of species mapped
over the time period of interest (at least one
year).
For example, species A is found in two
locations, a 500 m2 area and a 1km2 area.
Species B is found in one 2.5 km2 area. The
area for species A is therefore 1.5 km2 and for
B is 2.5 km2. The total area is therefore 4km2
which is divided by 2 (for 2 species) for a result
of 2. Note that overlapping areas may be
counted multiple times, once for each species.

Complete either the UBIF programme or Singapore Index indicators 3, 5, and 6
(based on 2021 version).